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Energethique » Blog Archive » La fonte des glaces arctiques aura-t-elle une influence sur la montée des eaux ?
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La fonte des glaces arctiques aura-t-elle une influence sur la montée des eaux ?

Vous avez été très nombreux à vous intéresser à la petite énigme physique que je vous ai proposée hier, c’est à dire : « La fonte des glaces arctiques entraînera-t-elle une augmentation du niveau des mers ? ».

Vous avez été nombreux à répondre et beaucoup d’entre vous ont répondu correctement à la question, c’est à dire que oui, il y aura une augmentation du niveau des océans, la question à laquelle je vais tenter de répondre, est de savoir si cette augmentation sera significative…

Alors pourquoi cela ?

Tout d’abord, prenons l’exemple d’un glaçon d’eau pure dans un verre d’eau pure, qui est différent du cas d’un glaçon d’eau pure dans un verre d’eau salée, cette différence a induit certains en erreur. Dans cet exemple, le niveau d’eau dans le glaçon sera exactement le même lorsque le glaçon aura fondu car la poussée d’Archimède fait que la partie immergée du glaçons égale exactement le volume d’eau correspondant au poids du glaçon. Le glaçon ayant une densité plus faible, il flotte. En fondant, il reprend exactement la même densité que l’eau et l’eau occupe donc le volume auparavant occupé par la partie immergée du glaçon.

Donc si les glaces arctiques et l’eau arctique étaient douces, pas d’augmentation du niveau. Par contre, on se retrouve ici avec de l’eau salée et des glaces, si non douces (une partie de la glace constituant la banquise serait effectivement salée, mais ce n’est pas l’objet du billet), moins salées que l’eau de mer.

Allez, pour les motivés, voici une petite démonstration (cliquez pour voir l’image en grand ;-)) :

Fonte des glaces

Ce qui fait que si on récolte les données de Wikipedia, qu’on considère que toute la glace de la banquise est constituée d’eau douce, que la banquise mesure partout 4m de hauteur (c’est normalement sa hauteur maximale selon Wikipedia) et que mes calculs sont exacts, on aurait une élévation d’un peu moins d’un centimètre du niveau des océans !

Cela peut paraître peu mais :
– La banquise ne recouvre qu’une partie du plus petit des océans
– La différence de densités n’est que de quelques pourcents

En gros, on fait fondre un glaçon dans un verre d’eau salée avant de le mélanger à une marmite ;-).

Par contre, comme le pointaient certains d’entre vous, à l’heure actuelle, les discussions sur la montée du niveau des océans tournent surtout autour de la dilatation de l’eau suite à une augmentation de sa température.

Enfin, si les glaces du Groenland ou de l’Antarctique venaient à fondre, on serait dans une situation bien plus catastrophique car le problème serait alors l’ajout d’un glaçon dans un verre et non la fonte d’un glaçon déjà présent, cela entraînerait selon certains une augmentation de plus d’une dizaine de mètres… Mais ça c’est une autre histoire ;-).

Je tenais à vous remercier pour votre participation, j’espère que ma justification vous comblera !

Parle de ce post à tes amis !


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