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Energethique » Blog Archive » L’énergie de demain « inventée » il y a des millions d’années ??
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L’énergie de demain « inventée » il y a des millions d’années ??

Des chercheurs américains ont créé une feuille artificielle capable de transformer la lumière du soleil directement en énergie pouvant être stockée pour être utilisée ultérieurement, selon leurs travaux publiés vendredi (ndr 30/09/2011) dans la revue américaine Science.

Cette feuille – une cellule solaire en silice avec différent matériaux catalytiques attachés sur les deux côtés – ne nécessite aucun branchement externe ni de circuit de contrôle pour la faire fonctionner, expliquent-ils. Il suffit de placer cette feuille dans un récipient rempli d’eau et exposé à la lumière du soleil, précise Daniel Nocera, professeur au Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), le principal auteur de cette communication datée du 30 septembre.

La feuille commence alors rapidement à produire des flots de bulles d’oxygène sur un côté et d’hydrogène sur l’autre. Si cette feuille est mise dans un conteneur avec une paroi séparant ses deux faces, les bulles produites peuvent alors être récupérées et stockées pour être utilisées ensuite afin de produire de l’électricité.

Ainsi, en plaçant les bulles d’oxygène et d’hydrogène dans une pile à combustible elles se combinent de nouveau en eau tout en produisant de l’électricité dans ce processus, explique le professeur Nocera. Cette feuille est entièrement composée de matériaux abondants et bon marché comme surtout la silice, le cobalt et le nickel et fonctionne dans de l’eau ordinaire, précise-t-il.

Les autres systèmes pouvant utiliser la lumière du soleil pour séparer l’oxygène de l’hydrogène formant l’eau utilisaient des solutions corrosives ou des matériaux assez rares et chers, tel le platine. Cette dernière feuille artificielle consiste en une couche fine de semi-conducteurs en silice, le matériau utilisé dans la fabrication de la plupart des cellules solaires.

Ces semi-conducteurs transforment l’énergie solaire en un flot continu d’électricité sans fil à l’intérieur de la feuille. Une couche de cobalt comme catalyseur qui libère l’oxygène un carburant potentiel. L’autre face de la feuille de silice est recouverte d’une couche d’un alliage de nickel, de molybdène et de zinc qui permet de libérer l’hydrogène des molécules d’eau. « Je pense qu’il va y avoir un vrai potentiel pour cette idée », juge, confiant le professeur Nocera.

« On ne peut pas être plus portable que cela », poursuit-il soulignant que ce système n’a pas besoin de fil, est très léger et ne requiert pas beaucoup d’équipement supplémentaire autre qu’un système pour capturer et conserver les bulles d’oxygène et d’hydrogène », explique ce chercheur. « Il s’agit seulement de jeter la feuille artificielle dans un verre d’eau et l’oxygène et l’hydrogène commencent à émerger », insiste-t-il.

Toutefois ce nouveau système n’est pas encore prêt pour la production commerciale, puisque le système de collecte et de stockage notamment reste à développer, relève le professeur Nocera. La création de cette feuille artificielle « est un pas » mais qui « va dans dans la bonne direction », conclut-il. (afp/mlb)

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