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{"id":64,"date":"2009-05-30T10:17:19","date_gmt":"2009-05-30T08:17:19","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/energethique.be\/?p=64"},"modified":"2009-08-03T14:47:17","modified_gmt":"2009-08-03T12:47:17","slug":"petit-cours-theorique-les-moteurs-a-cycles-divises-vont-ils-envahir-le-marche","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/energethique.be\/2009\/petit-cours-theorique-les-moteurs-a-cycles-divises-vont-ils-envahir-le-marche\/","title":{"rendered":"Les moteurs \u00e0 cycles divis\u00e9s vont-ils envahir le march\u00e9 ?"},"content":{"rendered":"

Les moteurs \u00e0 cycles divis\u00e9s ou cycles s\u00e9par\u00e9s (split cycle engine en anglais<\/a>) reprennent les 4 temps de nos moteurs classiques et les r\u00e9partissent sur 2 cylindres. Je m’explique : un moteur \u00e0 combustion interne comme ceux qui \u00e9quipent nos voitures, essence ou diesel, est g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement un quatre temps. Il est vrai qu’on trouve des moteurs 2 temps sur les 2 roues ou les petits engins motoris\u00e9s comme les karts, tondeuses ou autres tron\u00e7onneuses ou bien on \u00e9galement peut trouver des moteurs rotatifs comme sur les Mazda RX, mais bref, la plupart des moteurs rencontr\u00e9s, surtout en automobile, sont des 4 temps.<\/p>\n

Un petit rappel sur le 4-temps :
\nCela signifie qu’ils r\u00e9alisent leur travail en 4 temps, le premier temps est l’admission, le second la compression\/explosion, le troisi\u00e8me temps la fin de l’explosion dans certains cas et surtout d\u00e9tente pour finir par l’\u00e9chappement dans le dernier temps. Dans un cylindre, on effectue donc ces 4 op\u00e9rations tous les deux tours de villebrequin. Un moteur monocylindre tournant \u00e0 3000 tours\/minute effectuera donc 1500 cycles complets, donc 1500 explosions, 1500 compressions etc.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Dans les moteurs \u00e0 cycles divis\u00e9s, on s\u00e9pare ces quatres temps sur 2 cylindres. Le premier cylindre effectuera les deux premiers temps tandis que le second se chargera des deux autres. Enfin, pas tout \u00e0 fait car on va faire l’admission et la compression dans le premier cylindre puis l’explosion, la d\u00e9tente et l’\u00e9chappement dans le dernier.<\/p>\n

Le second cylindre, s’il tourne \u00e0 3000 tours\/minute effectuera 3000 explosions, deux fois plus qu’un moteur 4-temps, mais comme on a besoin d’un cylindre pour le premier cycle, on aura 3000 explosions pour un bicylindre soit exactement la m\u00eame chose que dans le cas du 4-temps classique, jusque l\u00e0 vous suivez ?
\nC’est important de bien comprendre car certains mettent cela en avant en disant, pour chaque tour de villebrequin, une explosion alors qu’il faut 2 tours pour un moteur classique, l’argument tombe \u00e0 l’eau quand on remarque qu’il faut comparer le \u00ab\u00a0cycles divis\u00e9s\u00a0\u00bb \u00e0 un bicylindre \ud83d\ude09<\/p>\n

Quel est alors l’avantage me direz vous s’il y en a un ?
\nEt bien l’avantage, c’est qu’on peut s\u00e9parer le design du moteur. En effet, lorsqu’on fait tout dans le m\u00eame cylindre, on a la m\u00eame g\u00e9om\u00e9trie pour la compression, l’explosion et la d\u00e9tente. Dans le cas d’un moteur \u00e0 cycles divis\u00e9s, on va pouvoir optimiser la forme du cylindre pour la compression et la forme du second pour l’explosion d\u00e9tente… Vous voyez l’avantage ?<\/p>\n

Un exemple simple de ce que l’on peut facilement faire : certains moteurs actuels (comme celui de la Prius) utilisent un cycle d’Atkinson, c’est \u00e0 dire qu’en laissant la valve d’admission ouverte au d\u00e9but de la compression, on refoule donc une partie de l’air vers l’admission et on ferme plus tard. Cela a pour effet d’avoir un taux de compression plus petit que le maximum possible dans le cylindre et ainsi d’offrir une d\u00e9tente plus grande pour r\u00e9cup\u00e9rer plus d’\u00e9nergie. Par exemple, on va comprimer suivant un rapport de 10 et d\u00e9tendre avec un rapport de 12 et donc r\u00e9cup\u00e9rer plus d’\u00e9nergie ! Qui dit r\u00e9cup\u00e9ration plus grand dit meilleur rendement, dit consommation plus basse ! Pourquoi ces moteurs ne sont pas plus r\u00e9pandus ? Pour une question de place ! En effet, prenins un moteur 2.0 L classique et un moteur avec cycle Atkinson. Ce dernier ayant un taux de compression plus faible, d\u00e9veloppera moins de puissance que le 2.0 L classique mais aura un meilleur rendement. Par contre, ce sont tous les 2 des 2.0 L et donc ils occupent le m\u00eame volume, pour moins de puissance dans le cas du Atkinson !!!<\/p>\n

Revenons-en \u00e0 notre moteur \u00e0 cycles divis\u00e9s, on pourrait lui appliquer le principe Atkinson ou un principe \u00e9quivalent, le principe du cycle Miller, consistant \u00e9galement \u00e0 faire une d\u00e9tente plus grande que la compression, sans devoir avoir un aussi gros probl\u00e8me d’encombrement que dans le cas d’un 4-temps Atkinson \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 qu’un seul des deux cylindres sera plus grand que l’autre.<\/p>\n

Alors, vous avez tout suivi ? Vous en avez assez ou vous en voulez encore ?<\/p>\n

Bon, pour les courageux, voici la derni\u00e8re innovation en la mati\u00e8re apport\u00e9es par le groupe Scuderi<\/a> :<\/p>\n

Tout le monde parle \u00e0 l’heure actuelle d’un grand enjeu automobile qui est la r\u00e9cup\u00e9ration de l’\u00e9nergie cin\u00e9tique perdue lors du freinage. Scuderi a imagin\u00e9 de placer un r\u00e9servoir entre les 2 cylindres, pouvant contenir de l’air comprim\u00e9. Au freinage donc, en utilisant le frein moteur, on va continuer \u00e0 faire fonctionner le premier cylindre, en compression donc, qui va remplir au fur et \u00e0 mesure le r\u00e9servoir d’air comprim\u00e9. Une fois cet air comprim\u00e9 stock\u00e9, \u00e0 la r\u00e9acc\u00e9l\u00e9ration, on utilisera cet air comprim\u00e9 et on n’aura donc plus besoin de faire fonctionner le premier cylindre \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l’air comprim\u00e9 sera fourni par le r\u00e9servoir, on gagne donc le co\u00fbt \u00e9nerg\u00e9tique de la compression !<\/p>\n

Pas b\u00eate donc, mais il fallait y penser \ud83d\ude09<\/p>\n

N’h\u00e9sitez pas \u00e0 donner vos retour sur ce genre d’article, \u00e7a vous a plu ? Vous en voulez d’autres ? \ud83d\ude09<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Les moteurs \u00e0 cycles divis\u00e9s ou cycles s\u00e9par\u00e9s (split cycle engine en anglais<\/a>) reprennent les 4 temps de nos moteurs classiques et les r\u00e9partissent sur 2 cylindres. Je m’explique : un moteur \u00e0 combustion interne comme ceux qui \u00e9quipent nos voitures, essence ou diesel, est g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement un quatre temps. Il est vrai qu’on trouve des moteurs 2 temps sur les 2 roues ou les petits engins motoris\u00e9s comme les karts, tondeuses ou autres tron\u00e7onneuses ou bien on \u00e9galement peut […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"spay_email":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_is_tweetstorm":false,"jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true},"categories":[7],"tags":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/pBGwz-12","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/energethique.be\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/64"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/energethique.be\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/energethique.be\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/energethique.be\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/6"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/energethique.be\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=64"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/energethique.be\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/64\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/energethique.be\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=64"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/energethique.be\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=64"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/energethique.be\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=64"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}