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{"id":2853,"date":"2013-05-16T05:49:56","date_gmt":"2013-05-16T03:49:56","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/energethique.be\/?p=2853"},"modified":"2013-05-15T15:54:46","modified_gmt":"2013-05-15T13:54:46","slug":"fabriquer-du-carburant-a-partir-du-co2-atmospherique","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/energethique.be\/2013\/fabriquer-du-carburant-a-partir-du-co2-atmospherique\/","title":{"rendered":"Fabriquer du carburant \u00e0 partir du CO2 atmosph\u00e9rique ?"},"content":{"rendered":"

Vous trouverez ci apr\u00e8s un article int\u00e9ressant faisant le point sur la conversion du CO\u00b2 atmosph\u00e9rique en carburant.<\/p>\n

http:\/\/www.bulletins-electroniques.com\/actualites\/72646.htm<\/a><\/p>\n

Les Etats-Unis ont \u00e9mis plus de 5 498 millions de tonnes [1] de CO2 en 2011. Globalement, d’apr\u00e8s les derniers r\u00e9sultats de l’Administration Nationale Am\u00e9ricaine pour les oc\u00e9ans et l’atmosph\u00e8re (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration – NOAA), la concentration en CO2 dans l’atmosph\u00e8re s’est acc\u00e9l\u00e9r\u00e9e au cours des derni\u00e8res d\u00e9cennies pour atteindre aujourd’hui 396.80 ppm [2], alors que les scientifiques [3] estiment qu’il faudrait revenir rapidement \u00e0 un niveau inf\u00e9rieur \u00e0 350 ppm pour \u00e9viter \u00ab\u00a0des effets catastrophiques et irr\u00e9versibles\u00a0\u00bb.<\/p>\n

Un fort int\u00e9r\u00eat s’est donc d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 au cours des derni\u00e8res ann\u00e9es pour limiter les nouvelles \u00e9missions de CO2 en captant le CO2 avant sa propagation dans l’atmosph\u00e8re et en le stockant (carbon capture and sequestration). Nous avions consacr\u00e9 un rapport \u00e0 cette question [4] et nous publierons prochainement un aper\u00e7u des derni\u00e8res avanc\u00e9es dans ce domaine. Un autre enjeu consiste \u00e0 retirer le CO2 d\u00e9j\u00e0 pr\u00e9sent dans l’atmosph\u00e8re soit pour le stocker (comme certaines techniques de g\u00e9o-ing\u00e9nierie l’envisagent), soit pour l’utiliser. Une \u00e9tude r\u00e9alis\u00e9e par des chercheurs de l’Universit\u00e9 de G\u00e9orgie, publi\u00e9e dans Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences [5], est tr\u00e8s importante \u00e0 cet \u00e9gard puisqu’ils ont d\u00e9couvert un moyen de transformer le CO2 pr\u00e9sent dans l’atmosph\u00e8re en produits qui pourraient \u00eatre utilis\u00e9s pour l’industrie. La recherche n’en est qu’\u00e0 un stade pr\u00e9liminaire mais cette d\u00e9couverte pourrait, \u00e0 terme, permettre de fabriquer du carburant \u00e0 partir du CO2 atmosph\u00e9rique. Cette \u00e9tude a \u00e9t\u00e9 men\u00e9e dans le cadre du programme \u00e9lectro-carburants de l’ARPA-E [6].<\/p>\n

L’id\u00e9e est relativement simple et n’est pas nouvelle : imiter le processus de photosynth\u00e8se des plantes. En utilisant la lumi\u00e8re du soleil, les plantes transforment de l’eau et du CO2 en sucres. Des carburants, comme l’\u00e9thanol, peuvent ensuite \u00eatre obtenus par fermentation du sucre mais extraire les sucres de la plante reste jusqu’\u00e0 pr\u00e9sent difficile et co\u00fbteux. Les scientifiques ont donc cherch\u00e9 \u00e0 utiliser un organisme qui serait capable de r\u00e9aliser une telle photosynth\u00e8se. Ce proc\u00e9d\u00e9 a \u00e9t\u00e9 rendu possible gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 un micro-organisme qui survit dans les eaux oc\u00e9aniques extr\u00eamement chaudes (r\u00e9servoirs g\u00e9othermiques) en se nourrissant d’hydrates de carbone. Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 une manipulation g\u00e9n\u00e9tique de cet organisme, l’\u00e9quipe de chercheurs a pu cr\u00e9er un organisme capable de se nourrir au dioxyde de carbone \u00e0 des temp\u00e9ratures bien plus faibles. De l’hydrog\u00e8ne a ensuite \u00e9t\u00e9 utilis\u00e9 pour cr\u00e9er une r\u00e9action chimique dans l’organisme pour incorporer le CO2 et former l’acide 3-hydroxypropano\u00efque, un produit chimique utilis\u00e9 par les industriels pour faire de nombreux produits dont l’acrylique. Sur ce mod\u00e8le, des modifications g\u00e9n\u00e9tiques pourraient \u00eatre effectu\u00e9es pour produire d’autres produits industriels dont, un jour peut-\u00eatre, des carburants, c’est du moins l’espoir des auteurs de cette \u00e9tude.<\/p>\n

A noter tout de m\u00eame que la combustion de ces carburants r\u00e9\u00e9mettrait dans l’atmosph\u00e8re le CO2 pr\u00e9lev\u00e9. Cette d\u00e9couverte permettrait donc de d\u00e9velopper un processus neutre en carbone – ce qui est d\u00e9j\u00e0 un progr\u00e8s par rapport \u00e0 l’utilisation de gaz naturel, de p\u00e9trole ou de charbon- mais ce ne sera pas une solution en tant que telle pour revenir durablement sous la barre des 350 ppm.<\/p>\n

Sources :<\/p>\n

– [1] Chiffres de l’Energy Information Agency, http:\/\/www.eia.gov\/totalenergy\/data\/monthly\/pdf\/sec12_3.pdf<\/a>
\n– [2] Donn\u00e9es de la National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration :
http:\/\/www.esrl.noaa.gov\/gmd\/ccgg\/trends\/#mlo<\/a>
\n– [3] Voir notamment \u00ab\u00a0Target Atmospheric CO2: Where Should Humanity Aim?\u00a0\u00bb – HANSEN, J. et al. – 2008 :
http:\/\/www.columbia.edu\/~jeh1\/2008\/TargetCO2_20080407.pdf<\/a>
\n– [4] \u00ab\u00a0La capture et le stockage du CO2, avenir du charbon am\u00e9ricain ?\u00a0\u00bb – ETIENNE F.-X. et MAGAUD M. – 1\/03\/2010
http:\/\/www.bulletins-electroniques.com\/actualites\/62395.htm<\/a>
\n– [5] \u00ab\u00a0Exploiting microbial hyperthermophilicity to produce an industrial chemical, using hydrogen and carbon dioxide\u00a0\u00bb – KELLER, M. et al. – Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences – 25\/03\/2013 –
http:\/\/www.pnas.org\/content\/early\/2013\/03\/19\/1222607110.abstract<\/a>
\n– [6] \u00ab\u00a0L’innovation de rupture au service d’un nouveau paradigme \u00e9nerg\u00e9tique : l’ARPA-E, un pari am\u00e9ricain\u00a0\u00bb – JOSEPH, E. – Rapport d’Ambassade – 1\/12\/2012 –
http:\/\/www.bulletins-electroniques.com\/rapports\/smm12_038.htm
\n<\/a><\/p>\n

R\u00e9dacteurs :
\n– C\u00e9line Ramstein, deputy-envt.mst@ambafrance-us.org ;
\n– Retrouvez toutes nos activit\u00e9s sur
http:\/\/france-science.org<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Origine :
\nBE Etats-Unis num\u00e9ro 326 (2\/04\/2013) – Ambassade de France aux Etats-Unis \/ ADIT –
http:\/\/www.bulletins-electroniques.com\/actualites\/72646.htm<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Vous trouverez ci apr\u00e8s un article int\u00e9ressant faisant le point sur la conversion du CO\u00b2 atmosph\u00e9rique en carburant.<\/p>\n

http:\/\/www.bulletins-electroniques.com\/actualites\/72646.htm<\/a><\/p>\n

Les Etats-Unis ont \u00e9mis plus de 5 498 millions de tonnes [1] de CO2 en 2011. Globalement, d’apr\u00e8s les derniers r\u00e9sultats de l’Administration Nationale Am\u00e9ricaine pour les oc\u00e9ans et l’atmosph\u00e8re (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration – NOAA), la concentration en CO2 dans l’atmosph\u00e8re s’est acc\u00e9l\u00e9r\u00e9e au cours des derni\u00e8res d\u00e9cennies pour atteindre aujourd’hui 396.80 ppm [2], alors que les scientifiques [3] […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":9,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"spay_email":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_is_tweetstorm":false,"jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/pBGwz-K1","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/energethique.be\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2853"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/energethique.be\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/energethique.be\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/energethique.be\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/9"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/energethique.be\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2853"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/energethique.be\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2853\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/energethique.be\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2853"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/energethique.be\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2853"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/energethique.be\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2853"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}