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{"id":2284,"date":"2012-03-29T19:24:27","date_gmt":"2012-03-29T17:24:27","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/energethique.be\/?p=2284"},"modified":"2012-03-29T19:24:27","modified_gmt":"2012-03-29T17:24:27","slug":"semez-le-doute-il-en-restera-toujours-quelque-chose","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/energethique.be\/2012\/semez-le-doute-il-en-restera-toujours-quelque-chose\/","title":{"rendered":"Semez le doute, il en restera toujours quelque chose …"},"content":{"rendered":"

Une chercheuse am\u00e9ricaine d\u00e9nonce le scepticisme malsain d’une poign\u00e9e de scientifiques am\u00e9ricains qui r\u00e9futent la dangerosit\u00e9 du tabac, le changement climatique et l’origine du trou dans la couche d’ozone.
\nEt aussi<\/p>\n

\u00ab\u00a0Cette strat\u00e9gie est terriblement habile et efficace. Elle part de quelque chose qui est essentiel en science – un scepticisme sain, une forme de curiosit\u00e9 – et elle le retourne contre elle\u00a0\u00bb, explique \u00e0 l’AFP Naomi Oreskes, chercheuse et professeur d’histoire des sciences de la Terre \u00e0 l’Universit\u00e9 de Californie, \u00e0 San Diego.<\/p>\n

Les marchands de doute<\/p>\n

Dans les \u00ab\u00a0Les marchands de doute\u00a0\u00bb qui vient d’\u00eatre traduit en fran\u00e7ais (Le Pommier), elle d\u00e9cortique la strat\u00e9gie de ces \u00ab\u00a0experts\u00a0\u00bb qui \u00ab\u00a0n’offrent ni nouvelles id\u00e9es, ni nouvelles donn\u00e9es, ni nouvelles preuves\u00a0\u00bb et dont l’influence se fait sentir \u00e0 partir des ann\u00e9es 50 aux Etats-Unis apr\u00e8s la publication des premi\u00e8res \u00e9tudes reliant tabagisme et cancer.<\/p>\n

\u00ab\u00a0Notre produit, c’est le doute\u00a0\u00bb, titrait un m\u00e9moire r\u00e9dig\u00e9 en 1969 par l’un des dirigeants de l’industrie du tabac qui mena, financements massifs \u00e0 l’appui, une longue campagne visant \u00e0 persuader l’opinion que l’impact de la cigarette sur la sant\u00e9 n’\u00e9tait pas \u00e9tabli.<\/p>\n

Ces puissantes firmes s’appuy\u00e8rent sur un petit groupe de scientifiques \u00ab\u00a0tr\u00e8s influents\u00a0\u00bb en raison de leur r\u00f4le central durant la Guerre froide, qui us\u00e8rent de leur autorit\u00e9 \u00ab\u00a0pour propager leurs id\u00e9es sur des sujets tr\u00e8s \u00e9loign\u00e9s de leurs domaines de comp\u00e9tence\u00a0\u00bb.<\/p>\n

Des scientifiques de mauvaise foi ou influenc\u00e9s ?<\/p>\n

Pourquoi ces chercheurs bard\u00e9s de prestigieux dipl\u00f4mes, respect\u00e9s et reconnus, d\u00e9cid\u00e8rent-ils, \u00e0 un moment, d’adopter une telle posture ?<\/p>\n

\u00ab\u00a0Certains ont re\u00e7u de l’argent, directement de la part d’une industrie ou indirectement gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 des interm\u00e9diaires\u00a0\u00bb, explique Naomi Oreskes. \u00ab\u00a0Mais je ne pense pas que l’argent soit la principale motivation\u00a0\u00bb, ajoute-t-elle, mettant en avant \u00ab\u00a0une sorte de mixture toxique d’id\u00e9ologie, de narcissisme et de ressentiment\u00a0\u00bb.<\/p>\n

Les m\u00e9dias amplifient ce ph\u00e9nom\u00e8ne<\/p>\n

L’universitaire ne m\u00e2che pas ses mots contre les m\u00e9dias qui, \u00ab\u00a0ann\u00e9e apr\u00e8s ann\u00e9e\u00a0\u00bb, ont continu\u00e9 \u00e0 citer ces \u00ab\u00a0experts\u00a0\u00bb quand leurs opinions, \u00ab\u00a0l’une apr\u00e8s l’autre, ont \u00e9t\u00e9 invalid\u00e9es\u00a0\u00bb par la communaut\u00e9 scientifique.<\/p>\n

\u00ab\u00a0Il est normal de pr\u00e9senter des points de vue minoritaires mais il faut qu’ils soient pr\u00e9sent\u00e9s comme tels!\u00a0\u00bb. Or, sur le tabac comme sur le climat, ils ont \u00ab\u00a0tr\u00e8s souvent \u00e9t\u00e9 pr\u00e9sent\u00e9s comme s’ils avaient le m\u00eame poids, \u00e9taient soutenus par le m\u00eame nombre de gens\u00a0\u00bb.<\/p>\n

N’est pas Einstein qui veut<\/p>\n

Une partie du succ\u00e8s de cette strat\u00e9gie r\u00e9side aussi, d\u00e9crypte-t-elle, dans l’id\u00e9e, solidement ancr\u00e9e dans l’imaginaire collectif, que les avanc\u00e9es en science sont le fruit d’individus g\u00e9niaux et isol\u00e9s nageant \u00e0 contre-courant.<\/p>\n

\u00ab\u00a0Il existe un mythe romantique auquel les Am\u00e9ricains sont particuli\u00e8rement sensibles construit autour de quelques rares personnages dans l’histoire de la science, comme Albert Einstein\u00a0\u00bb.<\/p>\n

\u00ab\u00a0Or aujourd’hui, si nous pouvons dire \u00ab\u00a0oui, le changement climatique est en cours\u00a0\u00bb, ce n’est pas seulement gr\u00e2ce une id\u00e9e \u00e9mise par Svante Arrhenius (chercheur su\u00e9dois qui, au d\u00e9but du XXe si\u00e8cle, attira l’attention sur le lien entre rejets de CO2 dans l’atmosph\u00e8re et r\u00e9chauffement climatique) mais gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 l’\u00e9norme travail scientifique collectif qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 fait depuis\u00a0\u00bb.<\/p>\n

Le doute est salutaire, mart\u00e8le Naomi Oreskes, mais poser des questions ne signifie pas se r\u00e9fugier dans une sorte de \u00ab\u00a0cynisme corrosif g\u00e9n\u00e9ralis\u00e9\u00a0\u00bb.<\/p>\n

AFP via RTBF info<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Une chercheuse am\u00e9ricaine d\u00e9nonce le scepticisme malsain d’une poign\u00e9e de scientifiques am\u00e9ricains qui r\u00e9futent la dangerosit\u00e9 du tabac, le changement climatique et l’origine du trou dans la couche d’ozone.
\nEt aussi<\/p>\n

\u00ab\u00a0Cette strat\u00e9gie est terriblement habile et efficace. Elle part de quelque chose qui est essentiel en science – un scepticisme sain, une forme de curiosit\u00e9 – et elle le retourne contre elle\u00a0\u00bb, explique \u00e0 l’AFP Naomi Oreskes, chercheuse et professeur d’histoire des sciences de la Terre \u00e0 l’Universit\u00e9 de Californie, \u00e0 […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":9,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"spay_email":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_is_tweetstorm":false,"jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/pBGwz-AQ","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/energethique.be\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2284"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/energethique.be\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/energethique.be\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/energethique.be\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/9"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/energethique.be\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2284"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/energethique.be\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2284\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/energethique.be\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2284"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/energethique.be\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2284"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/energethique.be\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2284"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}