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Energethique » Blog Archive » Dossier : La différence entre l’isolation et l’inertie thermique
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Dossier : La différence entre l’isolation et l’inertie thermique

A l’heure actuelle, on parle énormément d’isolation thermique de bâtiments afin de diminuer notre consommation d’énergie destinée au chauffage. Et oui, dans notre pays, on peut se passer de système de refroidissement actif dans le résidentiel, par contre pour le chauffage, difficile de s’en passer. Et donc si l’on ne peut s’en passer, autant le réduire au maximum (on vous prépare un petit dossier là dessus) mais avant de rentrer dans les détails de l’isolation, j’aimerais vous exposer la différence entre l’isolation et l’inertie thermique qui sont parfois confondues.

L’isolation d’une paroi, c’est la résistance qu’oppose une paroi à un flux de chaleur qui tente de la traverser. Ce flux de chaleur est provoqué par un déséquilibre des températures de chaque côté de la paroi. Concrètement, l’isolation est la résistance thermique, l’inverse de la conductivité thermique.

L’inertie thermique d’une paroi, c’est la capacité d’une paroi à emmagasiner de l’énergie et donc à la rendre sur temps plus grand.

Une paroi en pierre par exemple, a une très grande inertie thermique mais une très faible résistance thermique. Il est donc faux de croire qu’un mur épais de 60 cm de pierre va bien isoler votre habitation. 1.5 cm de laine de roche présente une meilleure isolation qu’un mur de 60 cm de pierre, on a en moyenne une résistance thermique au moins 40 fois plus grande pour la laine minérale ! Un double vitrage haute performances est également plus isolant que ce type de mur.

Si on observe les évolutions de température extérieure sur une journée, où la température augmente lors du lever du soleil et diminue progressivement avec le coucher de celui-ci, l’isolation et l’inertie de l’habitation vont avoir tous les deux des effets différents. L’isolation va atténuer le phénomène de chauffe/refroidissement de l’extérieur tandis que l’inertie va simplement décaler ce moment. Les deux effets ont leur intérêt.

L’isolation permet de garder la chaleur à l’intérieur en hiver mais également de garder la fraîcheur en été en réduisant les échanges à travers les parois opaques. Attention le ças des parois vitrées est particulier car elles laissent pénétrer les rayons du soleil et donc la chaleur transmise par rayonnement. Une maison fortement isolée et vitrée peut se transformer en serre, on en reparlera dans un autre article.

L’inertie va décaler les pics de température (sans atténuation), elle va par exemple permettre à une maison d’accumuler l’énergie solaire en été sans la rendre à l’intérieur de la maison pour ensuite la dissiper lorsque la température extérieure aura baisser, la nuit. C’est pour cette raison que les vieilles bâtisses en pierre sont toujours fraîches en été (et aussi parce qu’elles possèdent parfois peu de parois vitrées.

Voilà, j’espère que ce dossier vous a éclairé sur la différence entre l’isolation et l’inertie thermique !

Parle de ce post à tes amis !


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